Question by midnightrose: I have all the info I need, about it side effects but I need someone to help me calculate my payments before I sign my offer…?
My mortgage guy is out of town for Easter and I need to check what the payments would be for the counteroffer ….
We are doing an FHA (b/c of our scores, diagnosis it is the only option) taxes in our county are .4% Whatever the market FHA is, the offer is 170K with 3% downpayment assistance, and a 6% concession to be used for buying down the rate 4 points (or 1%) and then what’s left is for closing. I am curious what our payment will be approx, including PMI, P&I, and H/O ins. & taxes escrowed… I live in Fort Mill, SC. Would like to know payment and possibly what our leftover closing cost “might” be…..
Best answer:
Answer by Shana B
Try this mortgage calculator…
http://www.mortgage-calc.com/mortgage/simple.php
Add your own answer in the comments!
Question by kateward23: I have an ARM with a penalty phase getting ready to end. Where do I start to refinance?
I know that everytime my credit is checked, link it is a hard hit on my credit. I want to shop around for the best rate, information pills but want to do so in a way that will not be detrimental to me.
Best answer:
Answer by Searchlight Crusade
Actually, if you limit it to mortgage inquiries, all inquiries within 14 days count as one. Act of Congress several years ago, put through by National Association of Mortgage Brokers. Yes, it helps them, but it *really* helps you by enabling you to shop for a loan as much as you might shop for a toaster oven.
Have good long conversations with at least half a dozen prospective loan providers. If you get a good one, brokers will beat direct lenders every time, because when you talk to a broker, you’re automatically shopping a lot of lenders. Brokers get better prices than a lender’s own loan officers in most cases, because 1) the lender isn’t paying their overhead, and 2) from the moment you walk in the door, most direct lenders consider you their captive. Broker clients are *never* captives.
Give your answer to this question below!
Question by d0nkeypunch4u: Which is better? Conventional Mortgage, click FHA Loan Or a VA Home Loan?
Not sure which is better. I have close to a 700 credit score, buy information pills about 25k for a down payment. Looking for a condo in NY. Any suggestions?
Best answer:
Answer by Searchlight Crusade
What price condo in New York?
If you qualify for an A paper conventional loan, viagra 100mg especially conforming, those are the very best rate/cost tradeoffs. Always.
VA and FHA are good for low to zero down payments, or marginal to poor credit, but have an absolute limit of $ 417,000 (conforming loan limit). If you’ve got a $ 25k down payment on a $ 600k condo right now, you’re SOL as far as VA and FHA go.
I can’t think of a situation where FHA beats VA. VA has no financing insurance requirement, and can even roll up to 3% closing costs in, if you need to.
If that condo is anything up to $ 250k (10% down), you’re likely to get a better loan conventional. If it’s over (but you can still afford the loan), A VA is likely to prove the best alternative.
And bless you for serving!
What do you think? Answer below!
A few nice condominium photos I found:
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Question by Nicole: Is it possible to get a mortgage with a high debt to income ratio?
I am a first time buyer and my loan officer is having a hard time finding a lender that will accept my DTI. I have a $ 330 car payment and like $ 6k in student loans. If i did the calculations right, rx then my DTI is 48%. With a DTI at 48%, is there even a chance that I can be approved?? I am getting a 203k FHA loan for the house that is $ 100k.
Best answer:
Answer by Trevor M
I don’t think so, but why don’t you go talk to some lenders, find a mortgage agent you like and talk about a plan to get you on track. Then when you are in a better position you’ll have a person who knows you ready to go.
Add your own answer in the comments!
GAO Expresses Concern On FHA Risks
Citing the FHA as a “modified high risk, viagra order ” Dodaro cited the depletion of the FHA's Mutual Mortgage Insurance Fund as being significantly problematic. "A new challenge for the markets has also evolved as the decline in private sector participation in …
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HARP 2.0 Program Allows Many Florida Homeowners to Take Advantage of Low …
In October 2011, site Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac along with the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) announced modifications to the Home Affordable Refinance Program to make it easier for lenders to refinance mortgages in Florida. With the changes …
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Mortgage Foreclosure “Dual-Tracking” Abuses To End
As an example, more about a family with an FHA loan, VA mortgage or conventional loan seeks a loan modification under the government's Making Home Affordable program. New loan terms are created but during the three-month trial period to see if the borrower can …
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Pomegranate, shop Punica granatum …..Trái L?u, cialis 40mg Th?ch L?u…..#14
Image by Vietnam Plants & America plants
Taken on August 14, viagra dosage 2012 in Hewitt city, Texas state, Southern of America.
Ch? N?m H??ng ghé qua nhà tôi, cho m?t m? L?u ch? hái trong v??n sau. L?u chín ?n r?t ngon v?i v? ng?t và chua, mùi th?m d? ch?u , ?n ??n ?âu kh?e kho?n ??n ?ó . Tôi mê ?n trái L?u quá.
Mrs. Nam Huong, my friend she came to my home for giving some Pomegranate fruits which she picked up at back yard of her garden . They are so delicious with sweet and sour, and good smell. I love to eat them. Thank so much to my friend Nam Huong.
Vietnamese named : L?u, Th?ch L?u, Th?u L?u
Common names : Pomegranate
Scientist name : Punica granatum L.
Synonyms :
Family : Punicaceae – Pomegranate family or Lythraceae ( Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. )
Group : Dicot
Duration : Perennial
Growth Habit : Tree Shrub
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Rosidae
Order : Myrtales
Genus : Punica L. – pomegranate
Species :Punica granatum L. – pomegranate
**** www.dongyhongduc.com/content/detail/6/518
L?u còn có tên là Th?ch l?u, Th?u l?u. ?ây là lo?i cây tr?ng ?? l?y qu? ?n, làm cây c?nh và làm thu?c ch?a b?nh.
Tên khoa h?c: Punica granatum. H? Punicaceae (H? l?u)
Mô t? : L?u là loài cây lâu n?m. Lá ??n, nguyên, m?c ??i, cu?ng ng?n. Hoa m?c ??n ??c ho?c t? h?p thành c?m 3-4 cái ? ng?n cành, hoa màu ?? t??i, n? vào mùa hè. Hoa có 5-6 lá ?ài h?p ? g?c, 5-6 cánh hoa màu ??, r?t nhi?u nh? b?u nhi?u ô ch?a nhi?u noãn x?p ch?ng lên nhau. Qu? m?ng hình c?u có v? dày, ??u qu? còn 4 – 5 lá ?ài t?n t?i; v? qu? dày, khi chín màu vàng, ??. Trong qu? có vách ngang chia thành 2 ng?n ch?a nhi?u h?t 5 c?nh, có v? h?t m?ng, s?c h?ng tr?ng.
Thành ph?n hóa h?c:
V? qu? và v? r? ch?a nhi?u tanin, granatin, ho?t ch?t peletierin, izopeletierin, acit betulic, acid usolic và iso quercetin. N??c ép l?u là ngu?n kali, vitamin C và các ch?t ch?ng ôxy hoá quý.
D?ch qu? ch?a acid citric, ac.malie, các ???ng glucoza, fructoza, mantoza…
Theo YHCT, v? qu? v? chua, chát, tính ?m có tác d?ng ch? t? (Ng?ng ?i c?u), ch? huy?t (C?m máu), kh? trùng.
V? thân, v? r? v? ??ng chát, tính ?m, sát trùng. V? thân r? dùng t?y sán.
Công d?ng: Theo YHH?, v?i nh?ng nghiên c?u trên th?c nghi?m và lâm sàng, ?ã rút ra nh?ng nh?n xét sau:
Trái l?u ???c coi là m?t siêu th?c ph?m trong nhi?u th? k? qua. Lo?i trái cây này r?t giàu vitamin A, C và E c?ng nh? s?t và ch?t ch?ng ôxy hóa. Nh?ng ch?t hóa h?c này có th? giúp trung hòa các phân t? g?c t? do.
Nghiên c?u c?a các nhà khoa h?c thu?c ??i h?c Queen Margaret (Anh), ???c công b? n?m 2010, c?ng ?ã phát hi?n n??c ép trái l?u có th? giúp gi?m c?ng th?ng và gi?m n?p nh?n trên da ? ?? tu?i trung niên.
1.C?i thi?n s?c kh?e c?a tim:
L?u ch?a nhi?u polyphenol, ch?t hóa h?c th?c v?t n?i ti?ng trong vi?c làm gi?m quá trình s?ng phù liên quan ??n b?nh tim
2.Gi?m huy?t áp và nguy c? ??t qu?:
U?ng n??c l?u ho?c tr?n v?i n??c khoáng xen k? ho?c cocktail. Bên c?nh ?ó, nên dùng n??c l?u thay cho các lo?i n??c khác trong m?t s? công th?c ch? bi?n món ?n ho?c ?? u?ng.
3. Gi?m stress: u?ng n??c ép l?u ?? làm gi?m b?t c?ng th?ng mãn tính và duy trì m?t s?c kh?e t?t.
4.N??c ép l?u làm gi?m x? v?a ??ng m?ch: Nh?ng nghiên c?u lâm sàng cho th?y m?t ph?n c?a m?t ch? ?? ?n u?ng lành m?nh v?i l?u hàng ngày có th? giúp ng?n ng?a b?nh tim, ?au tim và ??t qu?. Nguyên nhân do l?u có kh? n?ng làm loãng máu, t?ng l?u l??ng máu ??n tim, gi?m huy?t áp, gi?m m?ng bám trong ??ng m?ch và làm gi?m cholesterol x?u trong khi t?ng cholesterol t?t b?o v? c? th?.
5.?i?u tr? viêm nhi?m và các r?i lo?n v? da, tiêu hóa: L?u có ch?a nhi?u punicalagins, m?t ch?ng oxy hóa m?nh m?. Kh? n?ng ch?ng oxy hóa có trong trái l?u g?p nhi?u l?n so v?i r??u vang ?? và trà xanh.
6.C?i thi?n kh? n?ng c??ng d??ng: nh?ng ng??i u?ng n??c l?u trong 4 tu?n thì s? c?i thi?n s? c??ng d??ng lên g?p hai l?n so v?i nh?ng ng??i dùng gi? d??c (placebo)
7.Có th? t?ng t? tr?ng x??ng: Grotto ?ã trích d?n m?t cu?c nghiên c?u trong ?ó nh?ng con chu?t ???c cho ?n chi?t xu?t t? l?u trong hai tu?n ?ã ít r?i vào tình tr?ng “m?t x??ng” h?n ?áng k? so v?i nh?ng con chu?t khônng ?n l?u.
Theo YHCT, qu? l?u th??ng s? d?ng trong các tr??ng h?p sau:
1- Lao ph?i, viêm ph? qu?n m?n tính ? ng??i già: qu? l?u t??i ch?a chín 1 qu?, bóc l?y h?t ?n vào bu?i t?i tr??c khi ?i ng?.
2- Tr? em có tích tr? ?n không tiêu, có ký sinh trùng ???ng ru?t dùng n??c ép h?t l?u thêm ???ng và n??c cho u?ng. Tuy hi?u qu? kém nh?ng an toàn h?n v? r? l?u
3-Tr? em b? ?n không tiêu, ??y b?ng, tiêu ch?y…): l?y qu? l?u mu?i n?u cháo cho tr? ?n.
Cách làm qu? l?u mu?i: hái qu? l?u chín t?t nh?t là nh?ng qu? chín n?t v?, cho vào th? (v?i, l?…), r?c mu?i, ??y kín ?em ph?i n?ng, m?i ngày tr? vài l?n. M?t th?i gian v? l?u m?m, n??c t? trong qu? l?u thoát ra ngoài hoà l?n n??c mu?i. Ti?p t?c làm nh? v?y cho ??n khi khô n??c thì l?y l?u ra c?t vào h?. C?t càng lâu công hi?u càng cao.
4- Phòng ng?a ra nhi?u m? hôi vào mùa hè: – n?u canh cho m?t s? h?t l?u t??i. Canh này còn phòng ch?a ch?ng ?au ??u ? ph? n? và giúp tr? em tiêu hoá t?t.
5- ?n nhi?u th?t khó tiêu, ph? n? b?ch ??i, kinh nguy?t quá nhi?u: dùng qu? l?u mu?i n?u v?i canh th?t heo ?n.
6- Viêm loét trong mi?ng: l?u t??i 1-2 qu?, l?y h?t giã nát, ngâm vào n??c sôi r?i l?c l?y n??c ?? ngu?i ng?m nhi?u l?n trong ngày.
7- Tiêu hoá kém, ?au b?ng, tiêu ch?y: l?u 2-3 qu? b? v? l?y cùi v?i m?t chén r??i n??c s?c l?y n?a chén r?i ?? vào m?t ít m?t ong, u?ng làm 2-3 l?n trong ngày.
8- ??i ti?n ra máu, tiêu ch?y kéo dài: ru?t qu? l?u s?y khô, tán b?t. M?i l?n 10-12g v?i n??c c?m. Ho?c 1 qu? l?u t??i nguyên v? giã nát s?c v?i m?y h?t mu?i ?? u?ng.
9- Sâu r?ng: v? thân cây l?u ho?c v? qu? s?c ??c ng?m nghiêng v? phía r?ng sâu.
10- Khô mi?ng, viêm h?ng, loét l??i: bóc l?y h?t c?a 1-2 qu? l?u t??i nhai ch?m k? nu?t n??c.
11- Tr? loét ch?y máu: v? qu? l?u 50 – 100g s?c l?y n??c xông r?a h?u môn.
12- N??c ngâm r?a khi b? khí h? (Huy?t tr?ng): v? qu? l?u 30g, phèn chua 10g s?c l?y n??c ngâm r?a.
13- Gh? ng?a: v? qu? l?u s?c ?? ngâm, tán bôi lên ch? t?n th??ng – có th? ngâm vào r??u ho?c c?n ?? dùng ho?c lá l?u t??i giã nhuy?n xoa xát.
Ngoài ra, l?u còn ???c s? d?ng trong s?c ??p c?a ph? n?.
1.Làm ??p da và ng?n ch?n quá trình lão hóa da
L?u có ch?a ch?t flavonoid có tác d?ng ch?ng kích ?ng da. giúp da không b? khô, hi?u ?ng cân b?ng trên da, giúp t? bào trao ??i ch?t t?i ?u, ??m b?o làn da m?m m?i. Chi?c xu?t t? th?t qu? l?u tham gia vào quá trình cân b?ng lo?i da h?n h?p, l?c và làm s?ch l? chân lông và tái t?o da m?i.
??i v?i ph? n?, u?ng n??c l?u th??ng xuyên c?ng ng?n c?n r?t t?t quá trình lão hóa, giúp da t??i tr?, m?n màng.
Nên b? sung n??c ép l?u vào th?c ??n n??c u?ng c?a mình vì nó ch?a nhi?u thành ph?n ôxy hoá r?t t?t cho s?c kho? và làm ??p da.
D?u chi?t xu?t t? h?t l?u có tác d?ng làm d?u da b? kích thích và kh?c ph?c tình tr?ng da khô.
2.Tác d?ng khác:
N??c ép t? l?u có th? giúp ng?a ung th?, r?t t?t cho h? tim m?ch và th?m chí còn giúp t?ng h?ng ph?n tình d?c. Ngoài ra, n??c qu? l?u giàu ch?t ch?ng oxy hóa polyphenol ng?a ???c nhi?u b?nh ung th?, có tác d?ng kh? trùng, giúp làn da nhanh lành, gi?m nguy c? m?c các b?nh ? ph? n? th?i ti?n mãn kinh. N??c qu? l?u còn giúp làm gi?m l??ng cholestrol x?u trong c? th? t?i 20%.
PGS.TS.L?U TH? HI?P
**** vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%B1u
**** www.uphcm.edu.vn/caythuoc/index.php?q=node/317
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**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=PUGR2
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate
**** www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Punica+granatum
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15298776 : Study on wound healing activity of Punica granatum peel.
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12801361 : Use of Punica granatum as an antifungal agent against candidosis associated with denture stomatitis.
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18590349 : Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review.
**** www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pomegranate.html
Steeped in history and romance and almost in a class by itself, the pomegranate, Punica granatum L., belongs to the family Punicaceae which includes only one genus and two species, the other one, little-known, being P. protopunica Balf. peculiar to the island of Socotra.
Despite its ancient background, the pomegranate has acquired only a relatively few commonly recognized vernacular names apart from its many regional epithets in India, most of which are variations on the Sanskrit dadima or dalim, and the Persian dulim or dulima. By the French it is called grenade; by the Spanish, granada (the fruit), granado (the plant); by the Dutch, granaatappel, and Germans, granatapfel; by the Italians, melogranato, melograno granato, pomo granato, or pomo punico. In Indonesia, it is gangsalan; in Thailand, tab tim; and in Malaya, delima. Brazilians know it as roma, romeira or romazeira. The Quecchi Indian name in Guatemala is granad. The Samoan name is limoni. The generic term, Punica, was the Roman name for Carthage from whence the best pomegranates came to Italy.
Plate XLIX: POMEGRANATE, Punica granatum Description
An attractive shrub or small tree, to 20 or 30 ft (6 or 10 m) high, the pomegranate is much-branched, more or less spiny, and extremely long-lived, some specimens at Versailles known to have survived two centuries. It has a strong tendency to sucker from the base. The leaves are evergreen or deciduous, opposite or in whorls of 5 or 6, short-stemmed, oblong-lanceolate, 3/8 to 4 in (1-10 cm) long, leathery. Showy flowers are home on the branch tips singly or as many as 5 in a cluster. They are 1 1/4 in (3 cm) wide and characterized by the thick, tubular, red calyx having 5 to 8 fleshy, pointed sepals forming a vase from which emerge the 3 to 7 crinkled, red, white or variegated petals enclosing the numerous stamens. Nearly round, but crowned at the base by the prominent calyx, the fruit, 2 1/2 to 5 in (6.25-12.5 cm) wide, has a tough, leathery skin or rind, basically yellow more or less overlaid with light or deep pink or rich red. The interior is separated by membranous walls and white spongy tissue (rag) into compartments packed with transparent sacs filled with tart, flavorful, fleshy, juicy, red, pink or whitish pulp (technically the aril). In each sac, there is one white or red, angular, soft or hard seed. The seeds represent about 52% of the weight of the whole fruit.
Origin and Distribution
The pomegranate tree is native from Iran to the Himalayas in northern India and has been cultivated since ancient times throughout the Mediterranean region of Asia, Africa and Europe. The fruit was used in many ways as it is today and was featured in Egyptian mythology and art, praised in the Old Testament of the Bible and in the Babylonian Talmud, and it was carried by desert caravans for the sake of its thirst-quenching juice. It traveled to central and southern India from Iran about the first century A.D. and was reported growing in Indonesia in 1416. It has been widely cultivated throughout India and drier parts of southeast Asia, Malaya, the East Indies and tropical Africa. The most important growing regions are Egypt, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, India, Burma and Saudi Arabia. There are some commercial orchards in Israel on the coastal plain and in the Jordan Valley.
It is rather commonly planted and has become naturalized in Bermuda where it was first recorded in 1621, but only occasionally seen in the Bahamas, West Indies and warm areas of South and Central America. Many people grow it at cool altitudes in the interior of Honduras. In Mexico it is frequently planted, and it is sometimes found in gardens in Hawaii. The tree was introduced in California by Spanish settlers in 1769. It is grown for its fruit mostly in the dry zones of that state and Arizona. In California, commercial pomegranate cultivation is concentrated in Tulare, Fresno and Kern counties, with small plantings in Imperial and Riverside counties. There were 2,000 acres (810 ha) of hearing trees in these areas in the 1920’s. Production declined from lack of demand in the 1930’s but new plantings were made when demand increased in the 1960’s.
Cultivars
There is little information available on the types grown in the Near East, except that the cultivars ‘Ahmar’, ‘Aswad’, ‘Halwa’ are important in Iraq, and ‘Mangulati’ in Saudi Arabia. ‘Wonderful’ and ‘Red Loufani’ are often grown in the Jewish sector of Israel, while the sweeter, less tangy ‘Malissi’ and ‘Ras el Baghl’, are favored in the Arab sector.
In India there are several named cultivars. Preference is usually given those with fleshy, juicy pulp around the seeds. Types with relatively soft seeds are often classed as "seedless". Among the best are ‘Bedana’ and ‘Kandhari’. ‘Bedana’ is medium to large, with brownish or whitish rind, pulp pinkish-white, sweet, seeds soft. ‘Kandhari’ is large, deep-red, with deep-pink or blood-red, subacid pulp and hard seeds. Others include:
‘Alandi’ (‘Vadki’)–medium-sized, with fleshy red or pink, subacid pulp, very hard seeds.
‘Dholka’–large, yellow-red, with patches of dark-pink and purple at base, or all-over greenish-white; thick rind, fleshy, purplish-white or white, sweet, pulp; hard seeds. The plant is evergreen, non-suckering, desirable for commercial purposes in Delhi.
‘Kabul’–large, with dark-red and pale-yellow rind; fleshy, dark-red, sweet, slightly bitter pulp.
‘Muscat Red’–small to medium, with thin or fairly thick rind, fleshy, juicy, medium-sweet pulp, soft or medium-hard seeds. The plant is a moderately prolific bearer.
‘Paper Shell’–round, medium to large, pale-yellow blushed with pink; with very thin rind, fleshy, reddish or pink, sweet, very juicy pulp and soft seeds. Bears heavily.
‘Poona’–large, with dark-red, gray or grayish-green rind, sometimes spotted, and orange-red or pink-and-red pulp.
‘Spanish Ruby’–round, small to medium or large; bright-red, with thin rind, fleshy, rose-colored, sweet, aromatic pulp, and small to medium, fairly soft seeds. Considered medium in quality.
‘Vellodu’–medium to large, with medium-thick rind, fleshy, juicy pulp and medium-hard seeds.
‘Muscat White’–large, creamy-white tinged with pink; thin rind; fleshy, cream-colored, sweet pulp; seeds medium-hard. Bears well. Desirable for commercial planting in Delhi.
‘Wonderful’–originated as a cutting in Florida and propagated in California in 1896. The fruit is oblate, very large, dark purple-red, with medium-thick rind; deep-red, juicy, winey pulp; medium-hard seeds. Plant is vigorous and productive.
In California, ‘Spanish Ruby’ and ‘Sweet Fruited’ were the leading cultivars in the past century, but were superseded by ‘Wonderful’. In recent years ‘Wonderful’ is losing ground to the more colorful ‘Grenada’.
Mexicans take especial pride in the pomegranates of Tehuacan, Puebla. Many cultivars are grown, including ‘Granada de China’ and ‘Granada Agria’.
The Japanese dwarf pomegranate, P. granatum var. nana, is especially hardy and widely grown as an ornamental in pots. The flowers are scarlet, the fruit only 2 in (5 cm) wide but borne abundantly. Among other ornamental cultivars are ‘Multiplex’ with double, creamy white blooms; ‘Chico’, double, orange-red; ‘Pleniflora’, double, red; ‘Rubra Plena’, double, red; ‘Mme. Legrelle’ and ‘Variegata’, double, scarlet bordered and streaked with yellowish-white.
Pollination
The pomegranate is both self-pollinated and cross-pollinated by insects. There is very little wind dispersal of pollen. Self-pollination of bagged flowers has resulted in 45% fruit set. Cross-pollination has increased yield to 68%. In hermaphrodite flowers, 6 to 20% of the pollen may be infertile; in male, 14 to 28%. The size and fertility of the pollen vary with the cultivar and season.
Climate
The species is primarily mild-temperate to subtropical and naturally adapted to regions with cool winters and hot summers, but certain types are grown in home dooryards in tropical areas, such as various islands of the Bahamas and West Indies. In southern Florida, fruit development is enhanced after a cold winter. Elsewhere in the United States, the pomegranate can be grown outdoors as far north as Washington County, Utah, and Washington, D.C., though it doesn’t fruit in the latter locations. It can be severely injured by temperatures below 12º F (-11.11º C). The plant favors a semi-arid climate and is extremely drought -tolerant.
Soil
The pomegranate thrives on calcareous, alkaline soil and on deep, acidic loam and a wide range of soils in between these extremes. In northern India, it is spontaneous on rockstrewn gravel.
Propagation
Pomegranate seeds germinate readily even when merely thrown onto the surface of loose soil and the seedlings spring up with vigor. However, to avoid seedling variation, selected cultivars are usually reproduced by means of hardwood cuttings 10 to 20 in (25-50 cm) long. Treatment with 50 ppm. indole-butyric acid and planting at a moisture level of 15.95% greatly enhances root development and survival. The cuttings are set in beds with 1 or 2 buds above the soil for 1 year, and then transplanted to the field. Grafting has never been successful but branches may be air-layered and suckers from a parent plant can be taken up and transplanted.
Culture
Rooted cuttings or seedlings are set out in pre-fertilized pits 2 ft (60 cm) deep and wide and are spaced 12 to 18 ft (3.5-5.5 m) apart, depending on the fertility of the soil. Initially, the plants are cut back to 24 to 30 in (60-75 cm) in height and after they branch out the lower branches are pruned to provide a clear main stem. Inasmuch as fruits are borne only at the tips of new growth, it is recommended that, for the first 3 years, the branches be judiciously shortened annually to encourage the maximum number of new shoots on all sides, prevent straggly development, and achieve a strong, well-framed plant. After the 3rd year, only suckers and dead branches are removed.
For good fruit production, the plant must be irrigated. In Israel, brackish water is utilized with no adverse effect. In California, irrigation water is supplied by overhead sprinklers which also provide frost protection during cold spells. The pomegranate may begin to bear in 1 year after planting out, but 2 1/2 to 3 years is more common.
Harvesting and Yield
The fruits ripen 6 to 7 months after flowering. In Israel, cultivar ‘Wonderful’ is deemed ready for harvest when the soluble solids (SSC) reach 15%. In California, maturity has been equated with 1.8% titratable acidity (TA) and SSC of 17% or more. The fruit cannot be ripened off the tree even with ethylene treatment. Growers generally consider the fruit ready for harvest if it makes a metallic sound when tapped. The fruit must be picked before over maturity when it tends to crack open if rained upon or under certain conditions of atmospheric humidity, dehydration by winds, or insufficient irrigation. Of course, one might assume that ultimate splitting is the natural means of seed release and dispersal.
The fruits should not be pulled off but clipped close to the base so as to leave no stem to cause damage in handling and shipping. Appearance is important, especially in the United States where pomegranates may be purchased primarily to enhance table arrangements and other fall (harvest-time) decorations. Too much sun exposure causes sunscald–brown, russeted blemishes and roughening of the rind.
The fruit ships well, cushioned with paper or straw, in wooden crates or, for nearby markets, in baskets. Commercial California growers grade the fruits into 8 sizes, pack in layers, unwrapped but topped with shredded plastic, in covered wood boxes, precool rapidly, and ship in refrigerated trucks.
Keeping Quality and Storage
The pomegranate is equal to the apple in having a long storage life. It is best maintained at a temperature of 32º to 41º F (0º-5º C). The fruits improve in storage, become juicier and more flavorful; may be kept for a period of 7 months within this temperature range and at 80 to 85% relative humidity, without shrinking or spoiling. At 95% relative humidity, the fruit can be kept only 2 months at 41º F (5º C); for longer periods at 50º F (10º C). After prolonged storage, internal breakdown is evidenced by faded, streaky pulp of flat flavor. ‘Wonderful’ pomegranates, stored in Israel for Christmas shipment to Europe, are subject to superficial browning ("husk scald"). Control has been achieved by delaying harvest and storing in 2% O2 at 35.6º F (2º C). Subsequent transfer to 68º F (20º C) dispels off-flavor from ethanol accumulation.
Pests and Diseases
The pomegranate butterfly, Virachola isocrates, lays eggs on flower-buds and the calyx of developing fruits; in a few days the caterpillars enter the fruit by way of the calyx. These fruit borers may cause loss of an entire crop unless the flowers are sprayed 2 times 30 days apart. A stem borer sometimes makes holes right through the branches. Twig dieback may be caused by either Pleuroplaconema or Ceuthospora Phyllosticta. Discoloration of fruits and seeds results from infestation by Aspergillus castaneus. The fruits may be sometimes disfigured by Sphaceloma punicae. Dry rot from Phomopsis sp. or Zythia versoniana may destroy as much as 80% of the crop unless these organisms are controlled by appropriate spraying measures. Excessive rain during the ripening season may induce soft rot. A post-harvest rot caused by Alternaria solani was observed in India in 1974. It is particularly prevalent in cracked fruits.
Minor problems are leaf and fruit spot caused by Cercospora, Gloeosporium and Pestalotia sp.; also foliar damage by whitefly, thrips, mealybugs and scale insects; and defoliation by Euproctis spp. and Archyophora dentula. Termites may infest the trunk. In India, paper or plastic bags or other covers may be put over the fruits to protect them from borers, birds, bats and squirrels.
Food Uses
For enjoying out-of-hand or at the table, the fruit is deeply scored several times vertically and then broken apart; then the clusters of juice sacs can be lifted out of the rind and eaten. Italians and other pomegranate fanciers consider this not a laborious handicap but a social, family or group activity, prolonging the pleasure of dining.
In some countries, such as Iran, the juice is a very popular beverage. Most simply, the juice sacs are removed from the fruit and put through a basket press. Otherwise, the fruits are quartered and crushed, or the whole fruits may be pressed and the juice strained out. In Iran, the cut-open fruits may be stomped by a person wearing special shoes in a clay tub and the juice runs through outlets into clay troughs. Hydraulic extraction of juice should be at a pressure of less than 100 psi to avoid undue yield of tannin. The juice from crushed whole fruits contains excess tannin from the rind (as much as .175%) and this is precipitated out by a gelatin process. After filtering, the juice may be preserved by adding sodium benzoate or it may be pasteurized for 30 minutes, allowed to settle for 2 days, then strained and bottled. For beverage purposes, it is usually sweetened. Housewives in South Carolina make pomegranate jelly by adding 7 1/2 cups of sugar and 1 bottle of liquid pectin for every 4 cups of juice. In Saudi Arabia, the juice sacs may be frozen intact or the extracted juice may be concentrated and frozen, for future use. Pomegranate juice is widely made into grenadine for use in mixed drinks. In the Asiatic countries it may be made into a thick sirup for use as a sauce. It is also often converted into wine.
In the home kitchen, the juice can be easily extracted by reaming the halved fruits on an ordinary orange-juice squeezer.
In northern India, a major use of the wild fruits is for the preparation of "anardana"–the juice sacs being dried in the sun for 10 to 15 days and then sold as a spice.
Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion*
Calories : 63-78
Moisture : 72.6-86.4 g
Protein : 0.05-1.6 g
Fat: Trace only to : 0.9 g
Carbohydrates : 15.4-19.6 g
Fiber : 3.4-5.0 g
Ash : 0.36-0.73 g
Calcium : 3-12 mg
Phosphorus : 8-37 mg
Iron : 0.3-1.2 mg
Sodium : 3 mg
Potassium : 259 mg
Carotene : None to Trace
Thiamine : 0.003 mg
Riboflavin: 0.012-0.03 mg
Niacin : 0.180-0.3 mg
Ascorbic Acid : 4-4.2 mg
Citric Acid : 0.46-3.6 mg
Boric Acid : 0.005 mg
*Analyses of fresh juice sacs made by various investigators.
Toxicity
A tannin content of no more than 0.25% in the edible portion is the desideratum. Many studies have shown that tannin is carcinogenic and excessive ingestion of tannin from one or more sources, over a prolonged period, is detrimental to health. (See also "Medicinal Uses" regarding overdoses of bark.)
Other Uses
All parts of the tree have been utilized as sources of tannin for curing leather. The trunk bark contains 10 to 25% tannin and was formerly important in the production of Morocco leather. The root bark has a 28% tannin content, the leaves, 11%, and the fruit rind as much as 26%. The latter is a by-product of the "anardana" industry. Both the rind and the flowers yield dyes for textiles. Ink can be made by steeping the leaves in vinegar. In Japan, an insecticide is derived from the bark. The pale-yellow wood is very hard and, while available only in small dimensions, is used for walking-sticks and in woodcrafts.
Medicinal Uses: The juice of wild pomegranates yields citric acid and sodium citrate for pharmaceutical purposes. Pomegranate juice enters into preparations for treating dyspepsia and is considered beneficial in leprosy.
The bark of the stem and root contains several alkaloids including isopelletierine which is active against tapeworms. Either a decoction of the bark, which is very bitter, or the safer, insoluble Pelletierine Tannate may be employed. Overdoses are emetic and purgative, produce dilation of pupila, dimness of sight, muscular weakness and paralysis.
Because of their tannin content, extracts of the bark, leaves, immature fruit and fruit rind have been given as astringents to halt diarrhea, dysentery and hemorrhages. Dried, pulverized flower buds are employed as a remedy for bronchitis. In Mexico, a decoction of the flowers is gargled to relieve oral and throat inflammation. Leaves, seeds, roots and bark have displayed hypotensive, antispasmodic and anthelmintic activity in bioassay.
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